BAB II
MEMBACA TEKS BERBAHASA INGGRIS TANPA MENGGUNAKAN KAMUS
1. Kompetensi
Setelah mempelajari dan mengerjakan latihan-latihan dalam BAB II ini diharapkan mahasiswa telah memiliki kompetensi sebagai berikut:
a) pengetahuan dan keterampilan dalam menemukan definisi atau sinonim kata sulit dalam teks berbahasa Inggris;
b) pengetahuan dan keterampilan dalam menentukan contoh dan pengungkapan kembali dalam teks berbahasa Inggris;
c) pengetahuan dan keterampilan dalam menentukan kalimat sinonim dan antonim dalam teks berbahasa Inggris; dan
d) pengetahuan dan keterampilan dalam menentukan tanda-tanda kontekstual dalam teks berbahasa Inggris.
2. Pengantar
Dalam membaca teks berbahasa Ingris seorang memerlukan pengetahuan dan keterampilan tentang tanda-tanda atau bantuan secara kontekstual yang terdapat dalam teks bahasa Inggris yang dibaca seperti, definisi dan sinonim kata sulit, pengungkapan dan contoh, dan sinonim atau antonim kata atau kaimat dalam teks tersebut. Alat-alat kebahasaan (linguistic devices) ini merupakan bentuan bagi pembaca dalam memahami isi bacaan yang perlu dimanfaatkan agar pemahaman pembaca menjadi maksimal atau komprehensif.
3. Menebak Definisi Kata Sulit atau Baru Secara Kontekstual
Kadang kala penulis memberikan definisi kata sulit atau kata penting dalam teks itu sendiri sehingga pembaca tidak perlu melihat arti kata sulit tersebut di dalam kamus. Namun agar pembaca dapat menemukan definisi kata sulit tersebut dalam teks yang dibaca, dia harus memperhatikan beberapa pedoman atau tanda-tanda baca yang diguakan oleh penulis seperti, tanda kurung (brackets), tanda strip (hiphen), tanda koma, kata atau (or), dan lain-lain. Untuk lebih jelas perhatikan contoh-contoh di bawah ini.
1. Your instructor, or teacher, will explain the lesson.
2. The answer is in the conclusion, the last part of the
story.
3. People who study the stars are called astronomers.
4. I will use diagram – pictures or drawings – to explain
the new machine.
Dalam kalimat No. 1 dalam contoh di atas, penulis menggunakan kata ‘or’ (atau) untuk memberikan sinonim bagi kata ‘instructor’. Dalam kalimat No. 2, penulis mengunakan tanda baca koma (,) untuk menandai bahwa setelah koma ada definisi kata sulit yang dipakai sebelumnya. Dalam kalimat No. 3, penulis malah menggunakan kata-kata ‘are called’ (to be + kata kerja bentuk ketiga atau pola kalimat pasif) untuk memberikan definisi terhadap kata orang yang mempelajari bintang; sementara dalam kalimat No. 4. penulis menggunakan tanda baca strip (hiphen) untuk menandai definisi kata sulit yang dipakai sebelumnya.
Directions: here are some more sentences. Read the sentences and answer the questions please do not use your dictionary! 1. A hypothesis is a special kind of guess. What is the meaning of hypotesis? a. Kind b. Special c. A special kind of guess 2. Astronomers observe, or look at, the stars. What is the meaning of observe?
3. Blind people (people who cannot see) have a difficult life. What is the meaning of Blind?
4. Scientists use a special method, or way of doing things, in their work. What is the meaning of method?
5. There are four parts, or components, in a simple stereo system. What is the meaning of components?
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Directions: Guess the meanings of the underlined words and find the best answers for each question. Please do not use your dictionary.
1. Some cloth is made from natural fibers; some cloth is made from synthetic fibers. Natural fiber such as cotton and wool, come from plants or animals. Nylon and polyester are called synthetic fibers because they are made by man.
What is the meaning of natural in these sentences?
a. Made by man
b. Cotton and wool
c. From plants or animals
What is the meaning of synthetic in these sentences?
a. Made by man
b. Nylon and polyester
c. From plants and animals
2. University students must read books, journals, reports and many other materials in their studies.
What is the meaning of materials?
a. Books
b. Students
c. Things to read
3. Computers have many uses. Computers can solve problems. Computers can control machines. You can play games with computers and some computers can help you learn languages.
What is the meaning of the uses of computers?
a. Things we can do with computers
b. Different types of computers
c. Computer games and languages
4. The numbers, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 are called digits. All numbers consists of one or more digits. For example, 8 is a one digit number, 21 is a two digit number, and 484 is a three digit number.
The number 10125 is a number
a. One Digit
b. Four-digit
c. Five-digit
4. Mengenal Pengungkapan Kembali Dalam Teks
Pengungkapan kembali dengan menggunakan kata atau kalimat lain dalam teks bahasa Inggris merupakan hal yang lumrah ditulis oleh penulis agar pembaca lebih paham dengan apa yang sedang disampaikan. Tujuan lainnya adalah agar tidak terjadi pengulangan kata atau kalimat yang sama dua kali, sesuatu yang sangat dihindari dalam teks akademik berbahasa Inggris. Perhatikanlah contoh berikut ini.
Professor Tracy belongs to several professional organizations. He is a member of the Teacher’s union, the Science Foundation, and the association of Teachers of Science.
Dalam contoh di atas, penulis menggunakan kata ‘belongs’ (menjadi anggota) yang diungkapkan kembali dengan menggunakan kata ‘a member of’ (sebagai anggota). Dengan kata lain, penulis menggunakan dua kata yang berbeda tetapi dengan arti yang sama untuk mengungkapkan satu maksud. Dalam kalimat 2, penulis menggunakan kata ‘activities’ (kegiatan) dalam anak kalimat pertama dan memberikan contoh-contoh (examples) untuk kegiatan tersebut.
Directions: Read the sentences and find the meaning of the underlined word. Then choose the best answer to the question. Please do not use your dictionary. 1. The testing center will provide you with all the material you need. That is to say, you will not need to bring pencils, pen, paper, or dictionaries because the testing center will give you all of the things you need. What does provide mean? a. To bring something b. To give something to someone c. Pencils, pens, paper and dictionaries d. Materials for taking a test 2. This test measures your ability to communicate. This means that it tells us how well you can give information to other people and you can take information from people, books, or other sources. What do you do when you communicate? a. You give information to other people. b. You take information from different sources. c. You give and take information. d. You move from one place to another. 3. The library has many facilities to help people find information. These facilities include the library's books, newspapers, and magazines; the collections of films and tapes; the computer terminals; and the reference room where librarians can help you find many different kinds of information. What are the facilities of a library? a. Things which help people find information b. people who use the library c. people who work in the library d. Book which answer questions about the library 4. All over the world, people are learning English for different purposes. For example, some people are learning English because they need it for school. Some people are learning English for their work, and others want to learn English because it is spoken in so many different countries. The reason many people in business learn English is that it is used in international trade. What is a purpose? a. A way people do something b. A kind of learning c. A special kind of English d. A reason for doing something 5. I come from the United States, and my mother and father come from the United States, but my ancestors come from Europe. My mother's family came from England, and my father's family came from Germany. Who are my ancestors? a. My mother and father b. My mother's and my father's family c. The united states d. England and Germany 6. Most car companies guarantee their new cars for one year. In other words, they promise that each new car will work well for one year, and they promise to fix the car if it does not work well during this time. What does guarantee mean? a. To promise that something will work well b. To fix something which does not work c. To work for one year d. To make something new 7. Sally never gets lost because she has a good sense of direction. She does not need a map or a compass to help her because she always knows which way to go without thinking about it. What does sense mean in these sentences? a. Intelligence b. Meaning c. Thinking d. Feeling 8. Columbus discovered America in 1492. Before 1492, people in Europe did not know that America was on the other side of the Atlantic Ocean. What does discover mean? a. To go to a place b. To make something new c. To find something for the first time d. To look for something 9. Success is the result of hard work. For instance, if you work hard at studying you will get good grades, and if you work hard at your job you will get more money or a better job. Which one is not a result of hard work? a. Good grades. b. More money c. Studying d. A better job |
5. Mengenal Sinonim Secara Kontekstual
Sebagai variasi dalam karangan, penulis sering menggunakan kata atau kalimat sinonim dalam teks berbahasa Inggris. Disamping untuk varasi, kata atau kalimat seperti ini juga dimaksudkan untuk memberikan penjelasan tambahan bagi pembaca sehingga teks dapat dipahami secara komprehensip. Perhatikan contoh di bawah ini.
Sir Isaac Newton discovered the law of gravity. This rule tells us why things fall to the ground.
Dalam kalimat contoh di atas, penulis memberikan sinonim untuk kata ‘law’ (aturan atau undang-undang) dengan mengunakan kata ‘rule’.
Directions: Here are some more sentences Look for the synonym of each underlined word in the sentences and write the synonym in the space.
1. There are far more small business firms than large corporations. However, the large corporations make much more money, than these small companies.
Firms = _____________
2. There are three major political ideologies in the world today: capitalism, socialism, and communism. Of course there are other types of ideologies as well, but these are the main types.
Major = _____________
3. We keep our ancient Egyptian coins in a special case. We cannot take them out into the air to show them to you because these coins are very, very old.
Ancient = ____________
4. American English and Canadian English are nearly the same. There are a few differences in pronunciation, but these two forms of English are almost the same.
Nearly = ______________
5. David Johnson started his company in 1969. When the firm began, it was very small and employed only two workers.
Began =_______________
6. You should repair that broken window. If you do not fix it soon, someone will be hurt.
Repair = _____________
7. The Johnson Manufacturing Company makes water pumps for farms. Johnson Manufacturing produces 4000 water pumps every year.
Produces_ = ______________
8. David Johnson wants his company to make high-quality products. Farmers will pay more for Johnson Water Pumps if they know that these are high quality goods.
Products = _________________
5. Ringkasan
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