English for MMAP Students: BAB 5

BAB V

POLA KALIMAT BERBAHASA INGGRIS LANJUTAN

1. Kompetensi

            Setelah mempelajari dan mengerjakan latihan-latihan dalam BAB V ini diharapkan mahasiswa telah memiliki kompetensi sebagai berikut:

a) pengetahuan dan keterampilan dalam menentukan kalimat-kalimat yang mempunyai arti yang sama (synonymous sentences);

b) pengetahuan dan keterampilan dalam menentukan bagian-bagian kalimat yang mempunyai arti yang sama (synonymous sentence elements); dan

c) pengetahuan dan keterampilan dalam menyederhanakan kalimat-kalimat majemuk (complex sentences).

2. Pengantar

            Suatu maksud dapat disampaikan melalui bebera bentuk kalimat yang berbeda baik dengan menggunakan kata yang sama atau dengan kata yang berbeda tapi dengan arti yang sama (synonyms). Pola kalimat yang berbeda ini sengaja digunakan oleh penulis untuk menghindari pengulangan-pengulangan karena pengulangan kata maupun kalimat yang sama akan menimbulkan kebosanan pada pembaca.

3. Kalimat-kalimat yang Mempunyai Arti Sama

            Beberapa kalimat dapat mempunyai arti yang sama; kalimat-kalimat tersebut biasanya menggunakan pola yang berbeda atau kata yang berbeda tapi dengan arti yang sama. Perhatikan contoh berikut ini

1.      I use a pen to write letters.

2.      I use a pen for writing letters.

3.      I write letters with a pen.

4.      To write letters, I use a pen.

5.      For writing letters, I use a pen.

            Dalam contoh di atas kalimat 1 sampai dengan kalimat 5 mempunyai pengertian yang sama walaupun pola kalimatnya agak berbeda. Untuk memvariasikan pola kalimat supaya tidak monoton penulis dapat menggunakan beberapa pola seperti di atas apabila perlu menyampaikan hal yang sama berulang-ulang untuk memberikan penekanan arti atau untuk memperjelas maksud kalimat.

            Kadang-kadang dua kalimat majemuk mempunyai arti yang sama walaupun pola anak kalimatnya berbeda. Perhatikan contoh berikut ini.

1. A city is a place where at least 100,000 people live.
2. A city is a place which has at least 100,000 people.
3. A city is a place with at least 100,000 people.
4. 100.000 people can live in a city.*
5. A city is a place which provides 100.000 people.*
6. A city is a place whose people at least 100,000.*
7. A place where at least 100,000 people live is called a city.
8. Where at least 100,000 people live is named a city.
9. At least 100.000 people live in a place which is called a city.
10. If in a place live at least 100,000 people, it can be named a city.
11.  A lot of people (at least 100.000) can live in a place called a city.

            Dalam contoh di atas kalimat 1, 2 dan 3 mempunyai pengertian yang sama walaupun bentuk anak kalimatnya agak berbeda.

Directions: Read the sentence and guess the meaning of the underlined word or group of words. Then check (r) the word or words with the same meaning. 1.      When most people think of libraries, they think of book-rows and rows of books about many different subjects.                   a.   two rows                    b.   many rows                   c.   too many rows            2.      Today a library is much more than just a place where books are stored.                   a.   only this kind of place                   b.   more than this kind of place                   c.   more libraries are becoming this kind of                            place 3.      Today more and more libraries are offering special services for their patrons.                   a.   more libraries are doing this now                        b.   most libraries do this now                   c.   all libraries do this now 4.      There are many different types of families, but no matter whether it is young or old, large or small, traditional or modern, every family has a sense of what a family is.                   a.   the type of family is important                      b.   the type of family is not important                   c.   no families are like this           5.      With the change from an agricultural society to an industrial society, many families move away from the family home to find work in the cities.                   a.   to make this change happen                        b.   before this change happens                   c.   when this change happens 6.      Learning a language is easy; even a child can do it.                   a.   only a child can do this                      b.   children as well as adults can do this                   c.   a child cannot do this

4. Bagian-bagian Kalimat yang Mempunyai Arti

    yang Sama

            Sering dalam membaca tidak perlu menguasai arti seluruh kata yang membentuk kalimat-kalimat dalam teks yang dibaca. Pembaca yang berpengalaman akan berusaha menebak arti kata baru atau sulit dengan bantuan kata-kata penanda. Perhatikan contoh-contoh berikut ini.

•     A library is a good source of information (1),

•     but libraries provide entertainment as well as information (2).

Jadi,

•     Library provides both entertainment and information.

            Dalam contoh di atas yang dianggap kata sulit atau baru adalah kata as well as dan kata inilah yang harus ditebak artinya. Dalam kalimat 1 dikatakan pustaka sebagai sumber informasi dan dalam kalimat 2 dikatakan pustaka juga menyuguhkan hiburan. Jadi kata as well as bearti kedua-keduanya (both).

5. Menyederhanakan Kalimat Majemuk

            Kalimat yang panjang atau kalimat yang terbentuk dari beberapa anak kalimat dan satu induk kalimat (complex sentence) lebih sulit dipahami dari pada kalimat sederhana (simple sentence). Tetapi kalimat majemuk dapat disederhanakan sehingga akan lebih mudah dibaca. Pelajarilah contoh berikut ini.

1.      Most American newspapers publish an enlarged Sunday edition containing articles about the news of the day and of the week plus a number of entertainment and advertising supplements.

2.      Most American newspapers publish an enlarged Sunday edition.

3.      This Sunday edition contains articles about the news of the day and of the week.

4.      This Sunday edition also contains a number of entertainment and advertising supplements.

Kalimat 1 dalam contoh di atas adalah kalimat majemuk yang terdiri dari satu kalimat induk (main clause) dan satu anak kalimat (subordinating clause) yang telah disederhanakan menjadi sebuah frase (modifying phrase). Untuk memudahkan membacanya kalimat tersebut dapat dipecah menjadi dua kalimat sederhana seperti dalam kalimat 2 dan 3 dalam contoh di atas.

Directions: Simplify the following sentences by dividing them into two or more shorter sentences. The first one is done for you. 1.      Owners of home computers can receive their news directly from the wire service-news agencies which supply newspapers, magazines, radio, and television with news report-through special telephone links. 1)      Owners of home computers can receive their news directly from wire services through special telephone links.                                                                                                   2)      Wire services are news agencies which supply newspapers, magazines, radio, and television with news reports.                                                                                                2.      The origins of this holiday are uncertain, but according to one legend it gets its name from a Christian priest named Valentine who lived in Rome during the third century after Christ. 1)                                                                                                                                   _________________________________________ 2)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                3)                                                                                                                                   _______ _________________________________________ 4)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                3.      There are two types of twins: identical twins, who look exactly the same because they have identical genetic characteristics, and fraternal twins, who have different genetic characteristics. 1)                                                                                                                                   2)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                3)                                                                                          4.      Oscar and Jack are identical twins, separated when their parents got divorce. 1)                                                                                                                                   _________________________________________ 2)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                5.      Are thoughts and behavior determined by heredity (the genetic charac­teristics children inherit from their parents) or by environment (the influ­ences children receive from the world around them)? 1)                                                                                                                                   _________________________________________ 2)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                3)